Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) is a form of major depressive disorder (MDD) that does not respond well to traditional treatment methods, such as medication and psychotherapy; one-third of people with MDD experience TRD.

Key characteristics of treatment resistant depression (TRD)

Inadequate response to at least two different antidepressants: This is typically the main criterion used to diagnose TRD.

Persistent symptoms: Despite treatment, people with TRD continue to experience significant symptoms of depression, like sadness, hopelessness, loss of interest in activities, and changes in sleep and appetite.

Functional impairment: The symptoms of TRD can significantly interfere with a person’s ability to work, go to school, maintain relationships, and participate in other activities of daily life.

Treatment resistant depression symptoms

There are a number of factors that can contribute to TRD, including:

Biological factors: These may include genetic factors, neurotransmitter imbalances, and hormonal changes.

Psychological factors: These may include negative thinking patterns, low self-esteem, and stressful life events.

Social factors: These may include poverty, lack of social support, and discrimination.

If you are struggling with TRD, it is important to seek professional help. There are a number of treatment options available, and a mental health professional can help you develop a treatment plan that is right for you.

Here are some of the treatments that may be used for TRD:

Different or higher doses of antidepressants: Sometimes, simply switching to a different type of antidepressant or increasing the dosage can be effective.

Combination therapy: This involves using two or more different medications, such as an antidepressant and a mood stabilizer.

Augmentation therapy: This involves adding another medication to an antidepressant, such as lithium or a thyroid hormone.

Psychotherapy: Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and other forms of psychotherapy can be helpful in managing symptoms of depression and learning coping skills.

Brain stimulation therapies: These therapies, such as electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), and Spravato (Esketamine) can be effective for some people with TRD.

It is important to remember that there is no one-size-fits-all treatment for TRD. What works for one person may not work for another. The most important thing is to work with a mental health professional to find a treatment plan that is right for you.